N’chifukwa chiyani ma mota okhazikika a maginito ogwirizana amakhala ma main drive motors?

N’chifukwa chiyani ma mota okhazikika a maginito ogwirizana amakhala ma main drive motors?

Mota yamagetsi imatha kusintha mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yamakina, ndikusamutsa mphamvu yamakina kupita kumagudumu kudzera mu makina otumizira kuti iyendetse galimotoyo. Ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zoyendetsera magalimoto atsopano. Pakadali pano, ma mota oyendetsera magalimoto atsopano omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ma mota okhazikika a maginito ndi ma mota a AC asynchronous. Magalimoto ambiri atsopano amagwiritsa ntchito ma mota okhazikika a maginito. Makampani oyimira magalimoto ndi BYD, Li Auto, ndi zina zotero. Magalimoto ena amagwiritsa ntchito ma mota a AC asynchronous. Ma mota amagetsi amayimira makampani a magalimoto monga Tesla ndi Mercedes-Benz.

Mota yopanda mphamvu imapangidwa makamaka ndi stator yosasuntha ndi rotor yozungulira. Pamene stator winding yalumikizidwa ku magetsi a AC, rotor imazungulira ndikutulutsa mphamvu. Mfundo yayikulu ndi yakuti pamene stator winding yapatsidwa mphamvu (alternating current), imapanga malo ozungulira a electromagnetic, ndipo rotor winding ndi closed conductor yomwe imadula mizere ya magnetic induction ya stator mu malo ozungulira a magnetic a stator. Malinga ndi lamulo la Faraday, pamene closed conductor yadula mzere wa magnetic induction, current imapangidwa, ndipo electron imapanga malo a electromagnetic. Pakadali pano, pali malo awiri a electromagnetic: limodzi ndi malo a electromagnetic a stator olumikizidwa ndi alternating current akunja, ndipo lina limapangidwa podula mzere wa electromagnetic induction wa stator. Malo a electromagnetic a rotor. Malinga ndi lamulo la Lenz, mphamvu yoyambitsidwa nthawi zonse imakana chifukwa cha mphamvu yoyambitsidwa, ndiko kuti, kuyesera kuletsa owongolera pa rotor kudula mizere ya magnetic induction ya malo ozungulira a magnetic a stator. Zotsatira zake ndi izi: ma conductors pa rotor "adzagwirizana" ndi stator. Mphamvu yamagetsi yozungulira imatanthauza kuti rotor imathamangitsa mphamvu yamagetsi yozungulira ya stator, ndipo pamapeto pake mota imayamba kuzungulira. Panthawiyi, liwiro lozungulira la rotor (n2) ndi liwiro lozungulira la stator (n1) sizikugwirizana (kusiyana kwa liwiro ndi pafupifupi 2-6%). Chifukwa chake, imatchedwa mota ya AC yopanda ulusi. M'malo mwake, ngati liwiro lozungulira lili lofanana, imatchedwa mota yolumikizana.

Mota yokhazikika ya maginito yogwirizana ndi maginito ndi mtundu wa mota ya AC. Rotor yake imapangidwa ndi chitsulo chokhala ndi maginito okhazikika. Ikagwira ntchito, stator imapatsidwa mphamvu kuti ipange mphamvu yozungulira ya maginito kuti ikankhire rotor kuti izungulire. "Kugwirizanitsa" kumatanthauza kuti kuzungulira kwa rotor panthawi yogwira ntchito mokhazikika. Liwiro limagwirizanitsidwa ndi liwiro lozungulira la mphamvu ya maginito. Maginito okhazikika a maginito ogwirizana ali ndi chiŵerengero champhamvu kwambiri, ndi ochepa kukula, opepuka kulemera, ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu yotulutsa, ndipo ali ndi liwiro labwino kwambiri komanso magwiridwe antchito oletsa. Chifukwa chake, maginito okhazikika a maginito akhala galimoto yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano. Komabe, pamene zinthu zamaginito okhazikika zikugwedezeka, kutentha kwambiri komanso overload current, mphamvu yake ya maginito ingachepe, kapena demagnetization ingachitike, zomwe zingachepetse magwiridwe antchito a maginito okhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, maginito okhazikika a rare earth amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu za rare earth, ndipo mtengo wopanga suli wokhazikika.

Poyerekeza ndi ma mota okhazikika a maginito ogwirizana, ma mota osasinthasintha amafunika kuyamwa mphamvu zamagetsi kuti azisangalatsa akamagwira ntchito, zomwe zimadya mphamvu zamagetsi ndikuchepetsa kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mota. Ma mota okhazikika a maginito ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri chifukwa chowonjezera maginito okhazikika.

Ma model omwe amasankha ma AC asynchronous motors nthawi zambiri amaika patsogolo magwiridwe antchito ndipo amapezerapo mwayi pa magwiridwe antchito komanso ubwino wa ma AC asynchronous motors omwe ali ndi liwiro lalikulu. Chitsanzo choyimira ndi Model S yoyambirira. Zinthu zazikulu: Galimoto ikayendetsa liwiro lalikulu, imatha kusunga magwiridwe antchito apamwamba komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu zamagetsi, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pamene ikusunga mphamvu zambiri;

Ma model omwe amasankha ma mota ogwirizana ndi maginito okhazikika nthawi zambiri amaika patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe zimagwira ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ma mota ogwirizana ndi maginito okhazikika pa liwiro lotsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale oyenera magalimoto ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati. Makhalidwe ake ndi ang'onoang'ono, kulemera kopepuka, komanso moyo wautali wa batri. Nthawi yomweyo, ili ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino owongolera liwiro ndipo imatha kusunga magwiridwe antchito apamwamba ikayang'anizana ndi kuyambika mobwerezabwereza, kuyimitsa, kuthamanga ndi kutsika kwa liwiro.

Ma mota okhazikika a maginito ogwirizana ndi maginito ndi omwe amalamulira. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zochokera ku "New Energy Vehicle Industry Chain Monthly Database" zomwe zatulutsidwa ndi Advanced Industry Research Institute (GGII), mphamvu yoyikidwa m'dziko muno ya ma mota atsopano oyendetsera magetsi kuyambira Januware mpaka Ogasiti 2022 inali pafupifupi mayunitsi 3.478 miliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi chaka kwa 101%. Pakati pawo, mphamvu yoyikidwa ya ma mota okhazikika a maginito ogwirizana inali mayunitsi 3.329 miliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi chaka kwa 106%; mphamvu yoyikidwa ya ma mota okhazikika a AC inali mayunitsi 1.295 miliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi chaka kwa 22%.

Ma mota okhazikika a maginito ogwirizana akhala ma mota oyendetsera magalimoto akuluakulu pamsika wamagalimoto onyamula anthu amagetsi.

Poganizira za kusankha kwa injini zamitundu yayikulu m'dziko muno ndi kunja, magalimoto atsopano amphamvu omwe ayambitsidwa ndi SAIC Motor, Geely Automobile, Guangzhou Automobile, BAIC Motor, Denza Motors, ndi zina zotero, onse amagwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika ogwirizana ndi maginito. Maginito okhazikika ogwirizana ndi maginito amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku China. Choyamba, chifukwa maginito okhazikika ogwirizana ndi maginito ali ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino otsika liwiro komanso mphamvu yosinthira kwambiri, zomwe ndizoyenera kwambiri pakugwira ntchito zovuta zomwe zimayamba komanso kuyima pafupipafupi m'mizinda. Chachiwiri, chifukwa cha maginito okhazikika a neodymium iron boron m'maginito okhazikika ogwirizana ndi maginito. Zipangizozi zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu za rare earth, ndipo dziko langa lili ndi 70% ya zinthu za rare earth padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kutulutsa konse kwa zinthu zamaginito za NdFeB kumafika 80% ya dziko lapansi, kotero China ikufunitsitsa kugwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika ogwirizana ndi maginito.

Tesla ndi BMW zakunja zimagwiritsa ntchito ma mota ogwirizana ndi maginito okhazikika komanso ma mota osagwirizana ndi maginito a AC kuti zipangidwe mogwirizana. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka ntchito, ma mota ogwirizana ndi maginito okhazikika ndiye chisankho chachikulu cha magalimoto atsopano amphamvu.

Mtengo wa zinthu zokhazikika zamaginito umakhala pafupifupi 30% ya mtengo wa maginito okhazikika ogwirizana. Zipangizo zopangira maginito okhazikika ogwirizana makamaka ndi neodymium iron boron, mapepala achitsulo a silicon, mkuwa ndi aluminiyamu. Pakati pawo, neodymium iron boron yokhazikika imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga maginito okhazikika a rotor, ndipo mtengo wake ndi pafupifupi 30%; mapepala achitsulo a silicon amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zomwe zasinthidwa. Mtengo wa rotor core ndi pafupifupi 20%; mtengo wa stator winding ndi pafupifupi 15%; mtengo wa motor shaft ndi pafupifupi 5%; ndipo mtengo wa motor shell ndi pafupifupi 15%.

Chifukwa chiyaniMakina okhazikika a maginito a OSG opindika mpweya wopopera mpweyaogwira ntchito bwino?

Mota yokhazikika ya maginito yogwirizana imapangidwa makamaka ndi zigawo za stator, rotor ndi chipolopolo. Monga ma mota wamba a AC, pakati pa stator pali kapangidwe ka laminated kuti kachepetse kutayika kwa chitsulo chifukwa cha eddy current ndi hysteresis effects pamene mota ikuyenda; ma windings nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magawo atatu ofanana, koma kusankha kwa magawo kumakhala kosiyana kwambiri. Gawo la rotor lili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza rotor yokhazikika ya maginito yokhala ndi khola loyambira la squirrel, ndi rotor yokhazikika ya maginito yokhazikika yomwe ili mkati kapena pamwamba. Pakati pa rotor mutha kupanga kapangidwe kolimba kapena laminated. Rotor ili ndi zinthu zamaginito zokhazikika, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa maginito.

Pansi pa ntchito yanthawi zonse ya mota ya maginito yokhazikika, minda ya maginito ya rotor ndi stator imakhala yogwirizana. Palibe mphamvu yoyambitsa mu gawo la rotor, ndipo palibe kutayika kwa mkuwa wa rotor, hysteresis, kapena kutayika kwa eddy current. Palibe chifukwa choganizira vuto la kutayika ndi kutentha kwa rotor. Nthawi zambiri, mota ya maginito yokhazikika imayendetsedwa ndi chosinthira chapadera cha ma frequency ndipo mwachibadwa imakhala ndi ntchito yoyambira yofewa. Kuphatikiza apo, mota ya maginito yokhazikika ndi mota yogwirizana, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe osintha mphamvu kudzera mu mphamvu ya chisangalalo, kotero mphamvu imatha kupangidwa kukhala ndi mtengo wodziwika.

Kuchokera poyambira, chifukwa chakuti mota ya maginito yokhazikika imayambitsidwa ndi magetsi osinthasintha kapena chosinthira chothandizira, njira yoyambira ya mota ya maginito yokhazikika ndi yosavuta kwambiri; ndi yofanana ndi kuyambitsa mota ya maginito yosinthasintha, ndipo imapewa zolakwika zoyambira zama mota wamba a asynchronous.

Mwachidule, mphamvu ndi mphamvu ya maginito okhazikika a mota zimatha kufika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, kapangidwe kake ndi kosavuta, ndipo msika wakhala wotentha kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi.

Komabe, kutayika kwa kulephera kwa kusonkhezera ndi vuto losapeweka mu ma moteri a maginito okhazikika. Pamene mphamvu yamagetsi ndi yayikulu kwambiri kapena kutentha kuli kokwera kwambiri, kutentha kwa ma windings a mota kumakwera nthawi yomweyo, mphamvu yamagetsi imawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo maginito okhazikika amataya kusonkhezera mwachangu. Mu ulamuliro wa maginito okhazikika, chipangizo choteteza mphamvu yamagetsi chimayikidwa kuti chipewe vuto la kutenthedwa kwa stator ya mota, koma kutayika kwa kusonkhezera ndi kutseka kwa zida sikungapeweke.